What a fall. Cases and case forms of nouns. How many cases in Russian

Case in languages ​​of an inflectional (synthetic) or agglutinating system is a category of a word (usually a name), showing its syntactic role in a sentence and linking individual words of a sentence. Cases are called both the functions of words in a sentence and the forms of words that correspond to them.

Term case, like the names of most cases, is a tracing paper from Greek and Latin - other Greek. πτῶσις (fall), lat. casus from cadere (to fall). There are direct cases (nominative and sometimes also accusative) and indirect cases (others). This terminology is associated with the ancient idea of ​​“declension” (declinatio) as “deviations”, “falling away” from the correct, “direct” form of the word, and was supported by associations with dice (where one or another side falls out at each throw - in this case, one "direct" and several "indirect").

Below in the table you can see the cases of the Russian language and their endings for various genders, declensions of nouns.

It is generally believed that in modern Russian there are 6 cases (nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional), however, some linguists (Zaliznyak) distinguish at least seven more with limited distribution and functions. The six main cases are determined by means of grammatical questions that can be put in place of the word (who?, what? one question: about / on / in whom, what?)

Nominative- who?, what?, is the only direct case in Russian, used as the main part of the sentence.

Genitive- no one ?, what ?, determines belonging, kinship and some other relationships.

Dative- to give to whom?, to what?, determines the end point of the action.

Accusative- see who?, what?, denotes the immediate object of the action;

Instrumental case- I create by whom?, with what?, determines the instrument, some types of temporal belonging (at night);

Prepositional- to think about whom, about what

Second prepositional case, or locative- the original (non-prepositional) form of the local case was almost completely lost and passed into the prepositional and instrumental forms, however, some nouns have a grammatically different form of the prepositional case: in the forest, in the shade. The unprepositional forms doʹma and domʹ are, apparently, adverbs.

vocative- is identical in form to the nominative, but forms an independent turn of speech, similar in function to an interjection. The original vocative case has been completely lost, the forms of the Old Russian language - human, doctor, etc. However, a new vocative can be distinguished, including the colloquial forms of some names: Sing, Sash, Tan, etc. and several nouns.

Quantitative-separative case- a variety of the genitive and is in many ways similar to it, but has some different forms: a cup of tea (along with tea), set heat (not heat), add a move (not a move).

deprivative case- a kind of accusative case, but is used exclusively with negation with the verb: not to know the truth (not the truth), not to have the right (not the right).

Waiting case actually coincides with the genitive, but stands out due to the fact that some words in the same grammatical form are declined in the form of the accusative. Wed wait for (whom? what?) letters, but wait (whom? what?) for mom. Also: wait by the sea for the weather.

Turning case or inclusive- answers questions similar to the accusative case (to whom? to what?), but is used exclusively in turns of the type to become welders, run for president, take in-laws, etc.

Counting case- a somewhat different form from the genitive used in counting: three hours (not hours), two steps.

How to remember cases

Case sequence:
Ivan gave birth to a girl orders to drag the diaper

Do not confuse!

• Questions WHERE? WHERE? WHERE? are not case questions. On these questions it is impossible to determine the case.
• The prepositions PO and K indicate the DATIVE case. Question FOR WHAT? Does not exist. The only question is WHY? I go (for what?) along the path
• Prepositions В, ON with questions of WHOM? WHAT? (genitive case) are not used. These prepositions can only be used with the questions WHO? WHAT? (accusative case) or IN WHAT? In COM? ON WHAT? ON WHOM? (prepositional)
• If you doubt whether the question belongs to WHO?, substitute the magic word MOM and look at the end of this word: MOM - genitive; MAMU - accusative case.

Cases and prepositions

• The prepositions FROM, FOR, WITHOUT, FROM, are used only in the genitive case - FROM WHAT? FOR WHOM? WITHOUT WHOM? OF WHAT?
• The prepositions UNDER and OVER are used only in the instrumental case - UNDER WHAT? ABOVE WHAT?
• The preposition O is used only in the prepositional case - ABOUT WHOM?
• Prepositions IN, ON are used as with the accusative - TO WHOM? IN WHAT? ON WHOM? FOR WHAT ?, and with prepositional cases - IN WHOM? IN WHAT? ON WHOM? ON WHAT?

Cases and questions

Write a case question in brackets and determine the case.

Sample: Write (in what?) In a notebook (with what?) With a pen.

1. Sailing (_____________) along the river (________________) in a boat.
Grow (_______________) at the edge (________________) of the forest.
Prick (_______________) finger (_______________) with a needle.
Go (_______________) along the path (_______________) to the forest.
Cook (_______________) compote (_______________) from apples.
Work (_______________) as a teacher (_______________) at a school.
To come (_______________) to the village (_______________) to my grandmother.
Play (_______________) with a friend (_______________) in the yard.

2. Sled (_____________) on a sled (_____________) from the mountain.
Build a (_____________) fortress (_____________) out of snow.
Hit (_____________) with a snowball (_____________) through the window.
Skiing (_____________) through the forest (_____________) on skis.
Congratulate (_____________) friend (_____________) on the holiday.
Run (_____________) on ice (_____________) on skates.

Cases and questions in riddles

Write a case question in brackets, determine and sign the case of nouns, highlight the endings and, of course, try to guess riddles.

1) Here (______________) walks in the sky
Painter (______________) without brushes,
And (______________) brown paint
Colors (______________) people.

2) (______________) Above the house (______________) by the path
A piece (______________) of cakes hangs.

3) (______________) falls from the sky (______________) with tears,
(______________) Runs on the ground (______________) in streams.

4) In winter (______________) lay in the field,
And in the spring (______________) he ran into the river.

5) The grain crumbled (______________) by night,
Looked in the morning - there is nothing.

6) (______________) Crosses the river,
And (______________) does not leave the place.

7) Climbed (______________) under the ceiling,
Crawled (______________) into a corner.
(______________) Without hands and spindle
Natkal (______________) canvases

8) (______________) I visited the hut
I painted all (______________) windows.
(______________) Stayed by the river -
He paved the entire (______________) river.

9) (______________) grew in the field,
(______________) Under the millstone was,
(______________) And from the stove (______________) to the table
(______________) Loaf came.

From the book: Uzorova O., Nefedova E. The Big Book of Riddles. - M .: Planet of childhood, 2004

Write the cases of all nouns.

1) I dressed myself in a coat
And he touched his nose with his sleeve.
Decided to coat I punish
And without a coat went for a walk.

2) I took paper and pen.
I drew an iron.
I tore a leaf, threw it into a bucket -
There was a knock in the bucket.

3) The village was driving past a peasant
Suddenly a gate barks from under the dog.
Jumped out a stick with a woman in his hand
And let's beat the horse on the man.
The horse ate lard, and the man oats,
The horse sat in the sleigh, and the man drove.

4) "Don't make noise!" But did they make noise
We? Andryusha barely knocked
Hammer on an iron pipe.
I played softly on my lip
Bend it down with your finger.
Tanya slammed the barn door.
Sasha ran a stone across the glass.
Kolya hit the pan in the corner
Brick, but quietly and rarely.
"Don't make noise!" the neighbor said.

Cases and prepositions

Open the brackets by putting the nouns in the case form and inserting prepositions where necessary.

O, OB (OBO), K (KO) and V (VO).

Hit (corner of the table) ______________________________.
Tell (trip) ______________________________.
Walk (jacket) (yard) ______________________________.
See (window) ______________________________.
Think (trip) (parents) and (gift) (birthday) ______________________________.

Interactive tests online

To connect with other words, nouns change in cases.

There are six cases in Russian, each case answers a specific question:

All cases except the nominative are called indirect. The nominative case is called direct. Nominatives in the nominative case are subjects in the sentence, and in oblique cases they are secondary members.

To find out the case of a noun, you need to find the word on which it depends, and put a question to the noun from this word.

Prepositions of cases in Russian

Together with case endings, prepositions are used to connect nouns with other words. The prepositional case is used only with prepositions, for example:

talked about the house, lives in the house

The remaining indirect cases are used both with prepositions and without them, for example:

no forest, stopped by the forest- Genitive

give mom, go to mom- dative

The nominative case is always used without prepositions.

Genitive prepositions

Prepositions used with nouns in the genitive case:

from, from, to, from, with, without, about, around, for.

Noun in genitive case with word No denotes the absence of an object: no (what?) tea, no (who?) elephant.

Nouns in the genitive case are often used with prepositions from, from, from, to designate a place, and answer questions where? where?:

(where?) by the lake, (from where?) from the closet.

Genitive nouns often refer to the person or thing to which something belongs, for example:

holiday (of whom?) Sisters, the door (of what?) of the closet.

Dative prepositions

Prepositions used with nouns in the dative case

to, by.

The noun in the dative case denotes the object for which the action is performed:

told (to whom?) a friend, returned (to whom?) mother.

A noun in the dative case is often used with a preposition to to indicate the object to which the action is directed:

goes (where? or to what?) to the sea.

Accusative prepositions

Prepositions used with nouns in the accusative case:

in, on, behind, under, through.

The noun in the accusative case is a minor member of the sentence and most often denotes the subject to which the action passes. With prepositions in and on the indicates where the action is directed. These nouns can be questioned where? For example:

went (where? into what?) to class

came (where? for what?) to the kitchen

Instrumental prepositions

Prepositions used with nouns in the instrumental case:

behind, on, under, before, with.

The noun in the instrumental case is a minor member and denotes the object (tool) with which the action is performed. They are often used with prepositions above and under to indicate a place and answer a question where? For example:

flies (where?) over the ocean

hangs (where?) under a tree

Prepositions of the prepositional case

Nouns in the prepositional case are always used with prepositions (never used without prepositions). Prepositions used with nouns in the prepositional case:

oh, about, in, in, on, at.

Noun in the prepositional case with a preposition about denotes a person or thing about which something is said:

said (about whom?) about mom.

told (about what?) about a dream.

noun with preposition on the or in stands in the prepositional case if it denotes a place of action and answers a question where? If a noun with a preposition on the or in indicates the place of direction of action, and answers the question where?, then it is in the accusative case:

walks (where?) in the park- prepositional

goes (where?) to the park- accusative

In the third grade, students are introduced to the concept of "case" and learn that nouns change by case. Despite the fact that only 6 cases are studied in the school curriculum, for children this topic is one of the most difficult topics to study in elementary school. Children will have to learn cases and case questions, learn to ask the right questions in order to correctly determine the case of a noun in the text. Why define case? So that in the future, based on the case and declension of the noun, it is correct to write the endings of words.

case- This fickle sign of nouns, i.e. nouns change (decline) according to cases. Changing by cases means changing nouns by questions. There are six cases in Russian. Each case has its own name and answers a specific question. When a word is changed by cases, its ending changes.

Cases clarify the role of nouns and their relationship with other words in a sentence.

List of cases

Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Instrumental
Prepositional

It is very difficult for a child to remember dry names of cases. He needs associations. Therefore, the child's acquaintance with cases can begin with a fairy tale.

Tale about cases

There lived the Case.
He had not yet been born, but they were already thinking about what name to give him and decided to name him - Nominative.
Born - became Genitive. He liked this name even more.
He was a baby, they gave him food and toys, and he became a Dative.
But he was a big mischief-maker, he was blamed for all sorts of tricks, and he became accusatory.
Then he grew up, began to do good deeds, and they called him Creative.
He began to offer his help to everyone, soon everyone started talking about him and now called him Prepositional.
They said exactly that when they remembered him, they even sang a song:
nominative, genitive,
Dative, accusative,
Creative, Prepositional.

To remember the order of the pages, use the mnemonic phrase:

Ivan gave birth to a girl, ordered to drag the diaper.

Table of cases of the Russian language

Please note that in almost all cases, the first letters can be used to recall the key word.

Genitive - parents
Dative - gave
Accusative - I see, I blame
Creative - I create

Prepositions of cases and semantic questions

Nominative case - no prepositions. Meaningful questions: who? what?

Genitive case: y, from, before, for, from, without, after, near (y), near (y), against, from under, because of. Prepositions coinciding with prepositions of other cases: p. Meaningful questions: where? where? whose? whose? whose?

Dative case: to, to. Meaningful questions: where? as?

Accusative case: about, through. Prepositions coinciding with prepositions of other cases - in, in, on, for. Meaningful questions: where? where?

Instrumental case: over, between, before. Prepositions coinciding with prepositions of other cases - under, for, with. Meaningful questions: where? as?

Prepositional case: o, o, at. Prepositions coinciding with prepositions of other cases - in, in, on. Meaningful questions: where?

Cases are divided into direct and indirect

direct case- is nominative. In a sentence, only a noun in the nominative case can be the subject.

Indirect cases- all others, except for the nominative. In a sentence, words in oblique cases are secondary members of the sentence.

To correctly determine the case of a noun, you must:

1. Find in the sentence the word to which the noun refers, put a question from it;
2. By question and pretext (if any), find out the case.

Seagulls circled over the waves. Circled (above what?) above the waves (T. p.)

There is a technique that allows you to accurately determine the case only by asking questions. We formulate both questions. If we have an inanimate noun, we replace it in the sentence with a suitable animate one and pose a question. For two questions, we accurately determine the case.

I caught (who?) a cat. We replace the cat with an inanimate object: I caught (what?) A feather. Whom? What? - Accusative.

I couldn't reach (who?) the cat. Replace with inanimate: I couldn't reach the (what?) branch. Whom? What? - Genitive

To correctly determine the case ending of a noun, you need to determine its case and declension.

Detailed table of cases and case endings of nouns 1,2,3 declensions

How to distinguish cases in words with the same endings, forms or prepositions

How to distinguish nominative and accusative cases:

A noun in the nominative case is the subject of the sentence and does not have a preposition. And the noun in the accusative case is a minor member of the sentence, it can be with or without a preposition.

Mom (I. p.) puts cucumbers (V. p.) in the salad (V. p.).

How to distinguish genitive and accusative cases:

If the questions in R. p. and V. p. (whom?) coincide, cases are distinguished by the endings of words: in R. p. endings -a (ya) / -s (and). In V. p. endings -y (y).

Paw (of whom?) martens - R.p. / I see (who?) a marten - V. p.

If both questions and endings are the same, it is necessary to substitute any feminine word with the ending -а(я)- instead of words. Then in R. p. the ending will be -s (u), and in V. p. the ending will be -y (u).

Paw (whom?) Of a bear - I see (whom?) A bear.

We check:

Paw (who?) (foxes) of a bear - R. p. - I see (who?) (a fox) a bear - V. p.

How to distinguish the genitive and instrumental cases with the preposition "s":

If the preposition “with” coincides with R. p. and Tv. n. distinguish them by case and semantic questions (from where? at R. p. and with what? at Tv. p.) and the endings of words in these cases.

Raised (from where?) From the ground - R. p. / Raised a box (with what?) With the ground - V. p.

How to distinguish dative and genitive cases that are the same in pronunciation:

A word without a preposition in D. p. will coincide in pronunciation with a word in R. p. (they have different endings in writing). To distinguish them, you need to understand the meaning of the phrase with this word.

D. p. - wrote a letter to grandmother Natasha [and] - grandmother's name is Natasha

R. p. - wrote a letter to Natasha's grandmother [and] - this is Natasha's grandmother

How to distinguish the dative and prepositional cases if they have the same endings and semantic questions:

In this case, you need to pay attention to the prepositions that are different in these cases.

D. p. - floats (where?) On the sea - prepositions to, by

P. p. - located (where?) In the sea - prepositions in, in, on

How to distinguish instrumental and accusative cases when semantic questions and prepositions coincide:

In case of coincidence of semantic questions and prepositions, TV. p. and v. p. you need to focus on case questions and endings.

Tv. p. - hid (where ?, for what?) Behind the chest of drawers

V. p. - hid (where ?, for what?) behind the chest of drawers

How to distinguish accusative and prepositional cases when prepositions coincide:

If the prepositions of V. p. and P. p. coincide, it is necessary to focus on questions.

V. p. - climbed (where ?, on what?) On the pedestal

P. p. - stood (where ?, on what?) on a pedestal

Poems about cases

I am the nominative case,
And there are no other people's clothes on me.
Everyone can easily recognize me
And in the subject name.
I do not like pretexts since childhood,
I can't stand being around me.
My questions are WHO? and what?
Nobody messes with anything.

And I'm Genitive
My character is sociable.
WHOM? WHAT? And here I am!
Prepositions are often my friends.
Prepositions are often my friends.
I look accusatory
I am sometimes
But in the text you can tell
Always two cases.

I'm called Dative,
I work diligently.
TO whom to give? What to call for?
Only I can say.

And I am the accusative case,
And I blame the ignorant for everything.
But I love excellent students
For them, "five" I catch.
Who to name, what to play,
Ready for advice guys.
Do not mind making friends with suggestions,
But I can live without them.

And I am instrumental
I am filled with every hope.
Create! - How? Create! - With whom?
I'll tell you - no problem!

And I'm a prepositional case,
My case is complicated.
The world is not nice to me without pretexts.
ABOUT COM? ABOUT WHAT? I told?
Oh yes, I need suggestions.
Without them, I have no way.
Then I can tell
What is the dream about.

nominative, genitive,
Dative, accusative,
Creative, prepositional…
It's hard to remember them all.
You always keep in mind
Names. These are cases.

Nominative

He is a beginner
Questions - WHO? and what?
In it - mom, dad, elephant, arena,
And school, and coat.

Genitive

Questions: No WHOM? WHAT?
I don't have a brother
And hamsters - not a single one ...
It's all mom's fault!

Dative

It's an apple, tell me
I will give to WHOM? WHAT?
Maybe Lena? Or Vite?
No, probably no one...

Accusative

Ouch! The toys are a mess!
I don't understand myself:
Blame WHO? and what?
Doll? Cubes? Lotto?

Instrumental

I want to write songs.
WITH WHOM? WITH WHAT should I study music?
Write to me with a pen or pen,
Or colored pencil?

Prepositional

Who am I thinking? ABOUT WHAT?
About school, about verbs.
Come on, I'm thinking about
How tired of school...

But now all cases
I learned hard.
Try to teach like this too
After all, knowledge is POWER!

Polak Frida

The nominative is you
picking flowers,
and the parent is for you
the trill and clicking of a nightingale.
If the dative is all for you,
happiness, named in fate,
then accusative ... No, wait,
I'm not easy in grammar
you want new cases
offer you? - Suggest!
- Conversative is a case,
recognition is a case,
loving, affectionate,
kissing is a case.
But they are not the same...
expectant and weary,
parting and painful,
and jealous is a case.
I have a hundred thousand of them
and only six in grammar!

Kirsanov Semyon

The NOMINAL exclaimed:
- My birthday is THAT,
Which is amazing
Learn science!
- TOGO, - said the GENENT, -
I deny who
Can't live without parents
Put on your coat.
- THAT, - answered DATIVE, -
Bad name ladies
Who didn't love diligently
Do the lessons yourself.
- TOGO, - said the accusatory, -
I will blame
Who book expressively
Can't read.
- WITH THAT, - said the CREATIVE, -
I'm just fine
Who is very respectful
Relates to work.
- ABOUT THAT, - said the PROPOSITIONAL, -
I'll offer a story
Who in life can do
Useful for us.

Tetivkin A.

Spring cases

Everything has awakened from sleep:
SPRING is sweeping the world.

It's like we're blooming
Feeling the arrival of SPRING.

And I wanted to get out
Towards the young SPRING.

I'll drown in the green leaves
And I blame VESNA for this.

Nature breathes only one
Unique SPRING.

A starling perched on a pine tree
Bawling songs ABOUT SPRING.

Tell others about it
And you repeat the cases.

Klyuchkina N.

Genitive

I ran away from home
I walked until evening
I dived from a tree into a snowdrift,
I dreamed of living without lessons.
For collection of snowflakes
I collected with my tongue.
Dancing around the fire
And jumped around the yard.
Do I need to do lessons?
I didn't care!
Here I stand at the blackboard
And I sigh in anguish.
But the genitive
I won't forget, at least slaughter. (T. Rick)

Dative

If I had names
He gave cases
I would then gift
DATALY called!
And how I dream
Santa Claus dress up
And I bring gifts to everyone:
Brother, sister, dog.
And who else? WHAT?
Chick, horse, catfish,
Cat, hare, hippo,
Crocodile and elephant!
I'm in a hurry to the steam locomotive,
I'm flying on the ground, I'm rushing!
I will bring gifts to everyone
And then I'll be back home! (T. Rick)

Accusative

I am accusative
I blame everyone everywhere.
I don't have any hope
That I won't make a mistake.
Substitute the word "see"
And define me.
- "If you want to know a lot,
Hurry up and learn to read!"
To remember the accusatory
I learned ... to fly!
How to fly up to the ceiling
Let me wave over the threshold,
I fly out the window
I am heading for the meadow.
I hate to blame
I will list everything.
WHAT I SEE AND WHO -
I'll name one!
I see a river, I see a garden
I name everything!
I see a cherry, I see a plum.
How beautiful all around!
Building a club nearby
Painting a boat in the sand...
Enough, I'm going back to school
I fly light into class. (T. Rick)

Instrumental case

To keep up with everyone
To sound smart
Gotta understand now
In the CREATIVE case.
What is there to say for a long time.
So I decided ... to create!
Pencil, take paper
And I painted the landscape.
I am an artist, I am a creator!
Wow, what a great guy I am!
In front of the castle the bush blooms,
A snake lives under a snag,
A falcon flies over the road
Behind the fence, the horse neighs.
I create with a pencil
On a big sheet.
I decorated the view with difficulty
Forest, cloud over the pond.
Come on, I'll turn the leaf
And I'll start creating again.
My hero goes to war
He wants to rule the country
Hit enemies with an arrow
Pour pitch from the tower.
Stop! Think with your head
Why go to war!
It's better to end things peacefully!
I will close my album (T. Rick)

Prepositional

I'm bored in class.
Well, I better dream.
I really love to dream!
If only I could become a princess!
I dream of a crown
I will sit on the throne in it.
I dream of an elephant
To ride in the moonlight.
I dream of earrings
I dream about boots.
Evenings in the semi-darkness
I dream of an eagle
I will fly freely with him.
I will go to school...
Oh, I'm already dreaming...
About the PREPOSITIONAL case! (T. Rick)

All existing cases of the Russian language

1) Nominative case - who ?, what?
2) Genitive case - no one ?, what?
3) The dative case - to give to whom ?, to what ?, determines the end point of the action.
4) Accusative case - I see whom ?, what ?, denotes the immediate object of the action;
5) Instrumental case - I create by whom ?, with what ?, determines the instrument, some types of temporal belonging (at night);
6) Prepositional case - think about whom ?, about what?

7) Vocative case. From the Church Slavonic vocative case, we only have the word “God!” (well, Father, mentor Ambrose, Panteleimon, etc. for those who read prayers). In modern Russian, this case occurs when we address: Mom, Dad, Uncle, Aunt An, where it is formed by “cutting off” the ending or a specially added ending: Vanyush (Tanyush), come out!

8) Local case. Usually used with the prepositions "At", "In" and "On". Descriptive question: Where? At what? On what? - In the forest (not in the forest), On the closet (not on the closet), On the shelf (not on the shelf) - but what about in Holy Russia, in Ukraine?

9) Separating case. It is formed as a derivative of the genitive case: Pour kefir into a glass (Drink kefir), Lies a head of garlic (eat garlic) Take a sip of tea (drink tea), Set heat (not heat), Add move (not move), Young man, no spark there?

10) Counting case - found in phrases with a numeral: Two hours (not even an hour has passed), Take three steps (not a step).

11) Deferent case - determines the starting point of movement: From the forest, From the house. The noun becomes unstressed: I came out of the forest; there was severe frost.

12) Deprivative case - used exclusively with negative verbs: I do not want to know the truth (not the truth), I cannot have the right (not the right).

13) Quantitative-separative case - similar to the genitive case, but has differences: a cup of tea (instead of tea), set heat (instead of heat), add a move (instead of add a move).

14) Waiting case - He is also a genitive-accusative case: Wait (for whom? What?) Letters (not a letter), Wait (for whom? What?) Mom (not mom), Wait by the sea for weather (not weather).

15) Transformative (aka inclusive) case. Derived from the accusative case (to whom? to what?). It is used exclusively in turns of speech like: Go to pilots, Run for deputies, Marry, Become sons.

For coherent speech in Russian, the same words can be used in different forms, it can be singular or feminine, masculine or neuter, as well as declensions with changing endings. And it is cases that play a particularly important role in the construction of true statements, which show the syntactic role and connection of words in a sentence. Pronouns and numerals are subject to declension. And in the study of the Russian language, it is very important to learn to determine the case form of these parts of speech and to know what questions the cases answer.

The main cases of the Russian language

The case system of the Russian language is quite simple to learn, but it has several features. Therefore, a huge amount of time is devoted to this topic in the school curriculum. First of all, children are introduced to what questions the cases answer and what they are called. As a rule, only six main cases are presented to the attention of schoolchildren, although in fact there are many more of them, however, due to the close similarity, varieties of obsolete case forms were combined with the main ones. Although there are still disputes among linguists about this.

Nominative

The nominative case in abbreviated form is written by Him. n. Questions of the nominative case - who? and what? For all parts of speech, this is the initial one and can act as the name of an object, person or natural phenomenon, and in a sentence it always acts as a subject. For example:

The girl left the room; The sun was setting below the horizon.

Also in the nominative case there can be a nominal part of the compound predicate. For example:

Nikita is my son; Alexander Vasilievich - director.

Also always in the nominative case is the main member and the appeal. For example:

Noise, noise, reeds; Here is the old house.

Genitive

The use of the genitive case can be both after verbs and after names. Words with this declension answer questions whom? what? In abbreviated form, it is written R.p.

This form of words has a variety of meanings and syntactic uses. The verbal genitive case can indicate the subject:

• in the case when the verb has a negation: not to demolish the head, not to tell the truth;
• if the action does not refer to the whole object, but only to its part: drink water, eat soup, chop wood.

The adjective genitive can indicate a number of relationships:

• belonging to someone or something: mother's house, doll dress;
• relation of a whole to a part: hotel room, tree branch;
• evaluation or definition of qualities: green cap, tears of happiness, man of the word.

That is why, in order to correctly determine the case form, it is very important to know what questions the cases answer.

Nouns used in the genitive case together with adjectives of comparison indicate the object or person with which they are compared. For example:

More beautiful than Natasha, whiter than snow, faster than lightning.

Dative

To understand how to use a word in a particular case, you need to clearly know what questions the cases answer, in which case a certain form of declension is used. For example, the dative case (to whom; to what?) words are most often placed after verbs and only in a few cases after words denoting objects.

Mostly the words in this case are used to designate the main subject to which the action is directed.

For example:

Say hello to a friend, threaten an enemy, an order to subordinates.

In impersonal sentences, words in the dative case can be used as a predicate. For example:

Sasha was scared. The boy was cold. The patient is getting worse.

Accusative

Questions in the accusative case are similar to questions in other cases, namely, the genitive and nominative. So, for an animated object, this is a question whom? and to the inanimate - what? And quite often, schoolchildren confuse this case with the nominative, therefore, for a correct definition, first of all, it is necessary to highlight the grammatical basis in the sentence. Words in this case form are most often used with verbs and denote the object to which the action completely passes.

For example:

Fishing, cleaning shoes, sewing a skirt, baking a cake.

Also, words standing in can express quantity, time, space and distance. For example:

All summer, every minute, every year.

Instrumental case

Just like other case forms, instrumental questions have two forms for living and non-living things. These are special questions that cannot be confused with other forms. So, for an animated object, the instrumental case answers the question by whom? For example:

He knew (who?) Oksana and (who?) her mother.

For an inanimate object, the instrumental case answers the question how? For example:

He fed (what?) Bread, gave him water (what?) to drink.

As a rule, this form of words is used in combination with verbs closely related to names.

Such a case form of words with verbs always acts as a means and instrument of action, can be an image or mode of action, and also have the meanings of time, place, space, and who performs the action. For example:

(what?) with a stick.

The old man propped himself (with what?) on his palm.

The road led (with what?) through the forest.

The fairy tales "Aibolit", "Confusion" and "Cockroach" were written (by whom?) by Korney Chukovsky.

Also, this case form of words can also occur with names and have the following meanings. With nouns:

• instrument of action: beat with a hand, brush;
• actor: security of the house by watchmen, release of goods by the seller;
• the content of the action itself: study German;
• definitive value: sausage with a ring, bass singing.

With adjectives, words in the instrumental case are used with the meaning of the limitation of the indicated attribute. For example:

He was strong-minded and known for his discoveries.

Prepositional

The sixth and last case that is studied in the school curriculum is prepositional.

Questions of the prepositional case, as well as other case forms, are divided towards living objects (on whom? about whom?) and inanimate (on what? about what?). Words in this case are always used with prepositions, hence the name of the case itself. Depending on the preposition used, the meaning also changes, questions of the prepositional case are always built using the same prepositions that are used in specific cases in the context.

Using prepositions with words in the prepositional case

For the correct definition of the case form of words and their correct use in speech, it is very important to know how cases are associated with questions and prepositions when using various forms of words in sentences.

Each of the prepositions used gives the word its own meaning:

What role do cases, questions and prepositions play?

The table of prepositions that are used in combination with various case forms of words plays a huge role in the study of the case system of the Russian language.

After all, it is they who, joining nouns, can reveal different meanings of the same word.

Declension of nouns, adjectives and numerals by cases

One of the main topics of this section of the Russian language is the topic: "Declination by cases". As a result of such a change, the word is transformed, acquiring a new ending, which is quite important for the correct construction of speech. Declension occurs by changing the word so that it answers the questions of each case. The declension of nouns has an independent character, while adjectives and numerals in the context always depend on the case in which the word associated with them stands.

In the case of declension of numerals, the question can also be modified, as for an adjective, which makes it easier to decline the word.

The purpose of the school curriculum is to teach children not only to correctly determine the case form of words in a particular sentence, but also to be able to correctly use a preposition that will fully reveal the meaning of the statement. Such skills are very important for the construction of competent speech. That is why special attention is paid to this topic and a sufficient number of Russian language lessons so that children can not only study, but consolidate this material well.